Guides
The Complete Guide to Value Investing: A 2025 Framework
Value investing is an investment paradigm centered on a single, powerful idea: buying stocks for less than their calculated intrinsic worth. It is not a get-rich-quick scheme or a complex trading algorithm. It is a disciplined, long-term framework for purchasing ownership in great businesses at fair prices. At its heart, this philosophy, pioneered by Benjamin Graham and perfected by his student Warren Buffett, treats a stock not as a fluctuating symbol on a screen, but as a fractional share of a real, operating enterprise.
Formulas
Intrinsic Value Calculation: A Step-by-Step Guide for 2025
Intrinsic value calculation is the analytical process of determining the true underlying worth of an asset, independent of its current market price. For the value investor, it is the most important skill. While the market gives you a price with every tick of the tape, that price is driven by emotion, speculation, and short-term news. Intrinsic value, in contrast, is an estimate of a business's worth based on the cold, hard cash it can generate for its owners over its lifetime.
Margins
Margin of Safety: The Value Investor's Ultimate Protection
Margin of Safety is the principle of buying a security at a significant discount to its intrinsic value. It is the buffer against errors in judgment and the unpredictability of the future. While calculating what a business is worth is a critical skill, the margin of safety is what transforms that analysis into a profitable investment decision. It's not just a theory; it's a practical discipline that separates successful long-term investors from speculators. It is the most critical link between valuation and action. This guide will show you exactly how to calculate it and, more importantly, how to apply it systematically to protect your capital and enhance your returns.
Guides
10 Economic Moat Examples That Drive Long-Term Returns
A complete guide to finding companies with durable competitive advantages. Learn to identify moats like network effects, switching costs, and brand with real examples.
Formulas
The DCF Model: A Step-by-Step Guide to Calculating Intrinsic Value
A Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) model is the closest thing to a universal valuation tool in a value investor's kit. It's a method of estimating a company's value today based on the cash it’s projected to generate in the future.This guide moves beyond the academic theory. We'll provide a step-by-step framework to build a practical DCF model, helping you separate a stock's market price from its true intrinsic value.
Guide
How to Analyze 10-K Filings: A 5-Step Guide for Investors
Reading a 10-K? Our 5-step guide shows you what to look for, from risk factors to financial red flags. Analyze annual reports like a pro.